Prevalence, Risk Factors and Self-awareness for Hypertension and Diabetes: Rural-Urban and Male-Female Dimensions from a cross-sectional study in Ghana
Authors
Ellahi, BasmaDikmen, Derya
Faith, Agbozo
Francis, Zotor
Amanda, Aitken
Bilge, Seyhan-Erdoğan
Omer, Faruk Karabulut
Affiliation
University of Chester; Hacettepe University Turkey; University of Health and Allied SciencesPublication Date
2022-11-29
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Background: Hypertension and diabetes remain the primary cause of non-communicable disease (NCD) related morbidity and mortality globally. Rural-urban transitions in developing countries might aggravate the risk factors and prevalence of these conditions. The study aims to determine prevalence, demographic, anthropometric and diet-related predisposing factors for hypertension and diabetes among urban and rural dwellers and assess participants’ self-awareness of their hypertension and diabetes status. Methods: This cross-sectional survey involved 850 adult males and females age ≥18 years residing in urban and rural areas in the Hohoe Municipality of Ghana, randomly sampled using probability proportional to size. Data included demographic, anthropometric, physiologic (blood pressure, fasting blood glucose) and dietary information. Nutrient quantities were analysed using the Research to Improve Infant Nutrition and Growth (RIING Nutrient Database Software. All other data was analysed in SPSS (v25). Risk factors for hypertension were estimated through ordinal logistic regression and the odds ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence level (CI) documented. Results: More females participated than males (58.4% vs 41.6%), similarly rural compared to urban inhabitants (53.5% vs 47.5%, p=0.002) with a mean age of 47.3±16.1 years. Females generally had higher adiposity, rural dwellers had higher BMI whereas urban dwellers had higher waist and hip circumferences. Overall, 4.4% and 18.5% were diabetics and pre-diabetics; while 20.4% and 12.1% were overweight and obese respectively. Of the 36.8% hypertensives, only 18.2% were aware of their status, with significant male (40.3%) female (59.7%); and urban (43.5%) rural (56.6%) differences. Males had higher intakes of energy and nutrients of public health importance to hypertension, similar as rural inhabitants except for cholesterol. Advancing age (95% CI: 0.02.03-0.05), being male (OR: 1.56 95% CI:0.12-0.81) and increased BMI (95% CI: 0.01-0.11) were independently associated with hypertension. Conclusions: A third of the population were hypertensives but were unaware. Findings challenge the assumption of lower predisposition among rural inhabitants as we observe lifestyle habits consistent with increasing urbanisation. Efforts to mitigate rising NCD trend requires intensified community-based screening, awareness creation, and lifestyle interventions to improve diet, physical activity and health seeking.Citation
Ellahi, B., Dikmen, D., Seyhan-Erdoğan, B., Karabulut, O. F., Aitken, A., Agbozoc, F., & Zotor, F. B. (2023). Prevalence, risk factors and self-awareness for hypertension and diabetes: Rural-urban and male-female dimensions from a cross-sectional study in Ghana. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 43, 694–708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-022-01141-9Publisher
SpringerAdditional Links
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13410-022-01141-9Type
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This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13410-022-01141-9Series/Report no.
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1998-3832ae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1007/s13410-022-01141-9
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