This work on the time discretization for the solution of the tempered nonlocal integro-differential equation with smooth and nonsmooth initial data are extended. We find the difficulty arising from theoretical analysis can be overcome by Laplace transform technique. A mount of proof skills have been provided based on Laplace transform technique for this kind of equations. The Laplace transform method is employed effectively to show that the proposed interpolating quadrature scheme is convergence for smooth and non-smooth initial data in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous cases.

Axial algebras are a class of non-associative commutative algebras whose properties are defined in terms of a fusion law. When this fusion law is graded, the algebra has a naturally associated group of automorphisms and thus axial algebras are inherently related to group theory. Examples include most Jordan algebras and the Griess algebra for the Monster sporadic simple group. In this survey, we introduce axial algebras, discuss their structural properties and then concentrate on two specific classes: algebras of Jordan and Monster type, which are rich in examples related to simple groups.

We describe a ring of order 32 and prove that it is a local Frobenius ring. We study codes over this ring and we give two distinct non-equivalent linear orthogonality-preserving Gray maps to the binary space. Self-dual codes are studied over this ring as well as the binary self-dual codes that are the Gray images of those codes. Specifically, we show that the image of a self-dual code over this ring is a binary self-dual code with an automorphism consisting of 2n transpositions for the first map and n transpositions for the second map. We relate the shadows of binary codes to additive codes over the ring. As Gray images of codes over the ring, binary self-dual [ 70 , 35 , 12 ] codes with 91 distinct weight enumerators are constructed for the first time in the literature.

In this paper, we are concerned with constructing a fast and an efficient alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme for the fractional parabolic integro-differential equations (FPIDE) with a weakly singular kernel in three dimensions (3D). Our constructed scheme is based on a second-order backward differentiation formula (BDF2) for temporal discretization, orthogonal spline collocation (OSC) method for spatial discretization and a second-order fractional quadrature rule proposed by Lubich for the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral. The stability and convergence of the constructed numerical scheme are derived. Finally, some numerical examples are given to illustrate the accuracy and validity of the BDF2 ADI OSC method. Based on the obtained results, the numerical results are in line with the theoretical ones.

By rewriting the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative as Hadamard finite-part integral and with the help of piecewise quadratic interpolation polynomial approximations, a numerical scheme is developed for approximating the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order α∈(1, 2). The error has the asymptotic expansion (d3τ3-α+d4τ4-α+d5τ5-α+⋯)+(d2∗τ4+d3∗τ6+d4∗τ8+⋯) at any fixed time tN=T, N∈Z+, where di, i=3, 4, … and di∗, i=2, 3, … denote some suitable constants and τ=T/N denotes the step size. Based on this discretization, a new scheme for approximating the linear fractional differential equation of order α∈(1, 2) is derived and its error is shown to have a similar asymptotic expansion. As a consequence, a high-order scheme for approximating the linear fractional differential equation is obtained by extrapolation. Further, a high-order scheme for approximating a semilinear fractional differential equation is introduced and analyzed. Several numerical experiments are conducted to show that the numerical results are consistent with our theoretical findings.

Primitive axial algebras of Monster type are a class of non-associative algebras with a strong link to finite (especially simple) groups. The motivating example is the Griess algebra, with the Monster as its automorphism group. A crucial step towards the understanding of such algebras is the explicit description of the 2-generated symmetric objects. Recent work of Yabe, and Franchi and Mainardis shows that any such algebra is either explicitly known, or is a quotient of the infinite-dimensional Highwater algebra H, or its characteristic 5 cover Ĥ. In this paper, we complete the classification of symmetric axial algebras of Monster type by determining the quotients of H and Ĥ. We proceed in a unified way, by defining a cover of H in all characteristics. This cover has a previously unseen fusion law and provides an insight into why the Highwater algebra has a cover which is of Monster type only in characteristic 5.

In this Thesis, we consider the numerical solution of stochastic partial differential equations with particular interest on the Ɛ-dependent Allen-Cahn equation, and the stochastic time fractional partial differential equations in both subdiffusion and superdiffusion cases.

We consider a general class of linear integro-differential equations with Caputo fractional derivatives and weakly singular kernels. First, the underlying initial value problem is reformulated as an integral equation and the possible singular behavior of its exact solution is determined. After that, using a suitable smoothing transformation and spline collocation techniques, the numerical solution of the problem is discussed. Optimal convergence estimates are derived and a superconvergence result of the proposed method is established. The obtained theoretical results are supported by numerical experiments.

Social sustainability is a critical component of the Sustainable Development Goals and net zero targets. This research establishes the major principles and main elements of social sustainability, its theoretical and practical underpinnings, investigates its implementation and provides a framework for its implementation in the oil and gas industry in the Niger Delta region. Qualitative case study was employed for the study and thematic analysis was conducted on multiple sources of data. Using the oil and gas industry in the Niger Delta for empirical analysis, the research explored social sustainability through a synthesis of its major principles and elements alongside the socioeconomic characteristics of the region. The research established that social sustainability is a multidimensional concept and its major principle is the wellbeing of society within and across generations. Due to its multidimensional nature, the elements of social sustainability need to be derived on a case-by-case basis for effective implementation of the concept. In the oil and gas industry in the Niger Delta, equity and social justice, partnership, employment and human capacity development, and social services and infrastructure emerged as the major elements of social sustainability. Stakeholder theory was used to frame the research and consistent with stakeholder theory, the adoption of partnership with the host communities suggests a partnership with resources to gain legitimacy. Novel approaches to social sustainability implementation such as the GMoU pioneered by Chevron, and new models of partnership based on the concept of value creation in stakeholder theory, are recommended. The research contributes to an emerging body of knowledge by showing the application and manifestations of a global concept at the local level. The findings have practical and theoretical value for practitioners and researchers of social sustainability.

We investigate the application of the Galerkin finite element method to approximate a stochastic semilinear space–time fractional wave equation. The equation is driven by integrated additive noise, and the time fractional order α∈(1, 2). The existence of a unique solution of the problem is proved by using the Banach fixed point theorem, and the spatial and temporal regularities of the solution are established. The noise is approximated with the piecewise constant function in time in order to obtain a stochastic regularized semilinear space–time wave equation which is then approximated using the Galerkin finite element method. The optimal error estimates are proved based on the various smoothing properties of the Mittag–Leffler functions. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the consistency between the theoretical findings and the obtained numerical results.