Now showing items 388-407 of 630

• #### Next Generation Additive Manufacturing: Tailorable Graphene/Polylactic(acid) Filaments Allow the Fabrication of 3D Printable Porous Anodes for Utilisation within Lithium-Ion Batteries

Herein, we report the fabrication and application of Li-ion anodes for utilisation within Li-ion batteries, which are fabricated via additive manufacturing/3D printing (fused depo- sition modelling) using a bespoke graphene/polylactic acid (PLA) filament, where the graphene content can be readily tailored and controlled over the range 1–40 wt. %. We demon- strate that a graphene content of 20 wt. % exhibits sufficient conductivity and critically, effective 3D printability for the rapid manufacturing of 3D printed freestanding anodes (3DAs); simplifying the components of the Li-ion battery negating the need for a copper current collector. The 3DAs are physicochemcally and electrochemically characterised and possess sufficient conductivity for electrochemical studies. Critically, it is found that if the 3DAs are used in Li-ion batteries the specific capacity is very poor but can be significantly improved through the use of a chemical pre-treatment. Such treatment induces an increased porosity, which results in a 200-fold increase (after anode stabilisation) of the specific capacity (ca. 500 mAhg-1 at a current density of 40 mAg-1). This work significantly enhances the field of additive manufacturing/3D printed graphene based energy storage devices demonstrating that useful 3D printable batteries can be realised
• #### Next-Generation Additive Manufacturing of Complete Standalone Sodium-Ion Energy Storage Architectures

The first entirely AM/3D-printed sodium-ion (full-cell) battery is reported herein, presenting a paradigm shift in the design and prototyping of energy- storage architectures. AM/3D-printing compatible composite materials are developed for the first time, integrating the active materials NaMnO2 and TiO2 within a porous supporting material, before being AM/3D- printed into a proof-of-concept model based upon the basic geometry of commercially existing AA battery designs. The freestanding and completely AM/3D-fabricated device demonstrates a respectable performance of 84.3 mAh g-1 with a current density of 8.43 mA g-1; note that the structure is typically comprised of 80% thermoplastic, but yet, still works and functions as an energy-storage platform. The AM/3D-fabricated device is critically benchmarked against a battery developed using the same active materials, but fabricated via a traditional manufacturing method utilizing an ink-based/doctor-bladed methodology, which is found to exhibit a specific capacity of 98.9 mAh m-2 (116.35 mAh g-1). The fabrication of fully AM/3D-printed energy-storage architectures compares favorably with traditional approaches, with the former providing a new direction in battery manufacturing. This work represents a paradigm shift in the technological and design considerations in battery and energy-storage architectures
• #### Noise induced changes to dynamic behaviour of stochastic delay differential equations

This thesis is concerned with changes in the behaviour of solutions to parameter-dependent stochastic delay differential equations.
• #### Noise-induced changes to the behaviour of semi-implicit Euler methods for stochastic delay differential equations undergoing bifurcation

This article discusses estimating parameter values at which bifurcations occur in stochastic delay differential equations. After a brief review of bifurcation, we employ a numerical approach and consider how bifurcation values are influenced by the choice of numerical scheme and the step length and by the level of white noise present in the equation. In this paper we provide a formulaic relationship between the estimated bifurcation value, the level of noise, the choice of numerical scheme and the step length. We are able to show that in the presence of noise there may be some loss of order in the accuracy of the approximation to the true bifurcation value compared to the use of the same approach in the absence of noise.
• #### Noise-induced changes to the bifurcation behaviour of semi-implicit Euler methods for stochastic delay differential equations

We are concerned with estimating parameter values at which bifurcations occur in stochastic delay differential equations. After a brief review of bifurcation, we employ a numerical approach and consider how bifurcation values are influenced by the choice of numerical scheme and the step length and by the level of white noise present in the equation. In this paper we provide a formulaic relationship between the estimated bifurcation value, the level of noise, the choice of numerical scheme and the step length. We are able to show that in the presence of noise there maybe some loss of order in the accuracy of the approximation to the true bifurcation value compared to the use of the same approach in the absence of noise.
• #### Non-Exhaust Vehicle Emissions of Particulate Matter and VOC from Road Traffic: A Review

As exhaust emissions of particles and volatile organic compounds (VOC) from road vehicles have progressively come under greater control, non-exhaust emissions have become an increasing proportion of the total emissions, and in many countries now exceed exhaust emissions. Non-exhaust particle emissions arise from abrasion of the brakes and tyres and wear of the road surface, as well as from resuspension of road dusts. The national emissions, particle size distributions and chemical composition of each of these sources is reviewed. Most estimates of airborne concentrations derive from the use of chemical tracers of specific emissions; the tracers and airborne concentrations estimated from their use are considered. Particle size distributions have been measured both in the laboratory and in field studies, and generally show particles to be in both the coarse (PM2.5-10) and fine (PM2.5) fractions, with a larger proportion in the former. The introduction of battery electric vehicles is concluded to have only a small effect on overall road traffic particle emissions. Approaches to numerical modelling of non-exhaust particles in the atmosphere are reviewed. Abatement measures include engineering controls, especially for brake wear, improved materials (e.g. for tyre wear) and road surface cleaning and dust suppressants for resuspension. Emissions from solvents in screen wash and de-icers now dominate VOC emissions from traffic in the UK, and exhibit a very different composition to exhaust VOC emissions. Likely future trends in non-exhaust particle emissions are described.
• #### Non-Local Partial Differential Equations for Engineering and Biology: Mathematical Modeling and Analysis

This book presents new developments in non-local mathematical modeling and mathematical analysis on the behavior of solutions with novel technical tools. Theoretical backgrounds in mechanics, thermo-dynamics, game theory, and theoretical biology are examined in details. It starts off with a review and summary of the basic ideas of mathematical modeling frequently used in the sciences and engineering. The authors then employ a number of models in bio-science and material science to demonstrate applications, and provide recent advanced studies, both on deterministic non-local partial differential equations and on some of their stochastic counterparts used in engineering. Mathematical models applied in engineering, chemistry, and biology are subject to conservation laws. For instance, decrease or increase in thermodynamic quantities and non-local partial differential equations, associated with the conserved physical quantities as parameters. These present novel mathematical objects are engaged with rich mathematical structures, in accordance with the interactions between species or individuals, self-organization, pattern formation, hysteresis. These models are based on various laws of physics, such as mechanics of continuum, electro-magnetic theory, and thermodynamics. This is why many areas of mathematics, calculus of variation, dynamical systems, integrable systems, blow-up analysis, and energy methods are indispensable in understanding and analyzing these phenomena. This book aims for researchers and upper grades students in mathematics, engineering, physics, economics, and biology.

• #### A nonpolynomial collocation method for fractional terminal value problems

In this paper we propose a non-polynomial collocation method for solving a class of terminal (or boundary) value problems for differential equations of fractional order α, 0 < α < 1. The approach used is based on the equivalence between a problem of this type and a Fredholm integral equation of a particular form. Taking into account the asymptotic behaviour of the solution of this problem, we propose a non-polynomial collocation method on a uniform mesh. We study the order of convergence of the proposed algorithm and a result on optimal order of convergence is obtained. In order to illustrate the theoretical results and the performance of the method we present several numerical examples.
• #### A note on finite difference methods for nonlinear fractional differential equations with non-uniform meshes

We consider finite difference methods for solving nonlinear fractional differential equations in the Caputo fractional derivative sense with non-uniform meshes. Under the assumption that the Caputo derivative of the solution of the fractional differential equation is suitably smooth, Li et al. \lq \lq Finite difference methods with non-uniform meshes for nonlinear fractional differential equations\rq\rq, Journal of Computational Physics, 316(2016), 614-631, obtained the error estimates of finite difference methods with non-uniform meshes. However the Caputo derivative of the solution of the fractional differential equation in general has a weak singularity near the initial time. In this paper, we obtain the error estimates of finite difference methods with non-uniform meshes when the Caputo fractional derivative of the solution of the fractional differential equation has lower smoothness. The convergence result shows clearly how the regularity of the Caputo fractional derivative of the solution affect the order of convergence of the finite difference methods. Numerical results are presented that confirm the sharpness of the error analysis.
• #### A Note on the Well-Posedness of Terminal Value Problems for Fractional Differential Equations.

This note is intended to clarify some im- portant points about the well-posedness of terminal value problems for fractional di erential equations. It follows the recent publication of a paper by Cong and Tuan in this jour- nal in which a counter-example calls into question the earlier results in a paper by this note's authors. Here, we show in the light of these new insights that a wide class of terminal value problems of fractional differential equations is well- posed and we identify those cases where the well-posedness question must be regarded as open.
• #### A novel high-order algorithm for the numerical estimation of fractional differential equations

This paper uses polynomial interpolation to design a novel high-order algorithm for the numerical estimation of fractional differential equations. The Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative is expressed by using the Hadamard finite-part integral and the piecewise cubic interpolation polynomial is utilized to approximate the integral. The detailed error analysis is presented and it is established that the convergence order of the algorithm is O(h4−a). Asymptotic expansion of the error for the presented algorithm is also investigated. Some numerical examples are provided and compared with the exact solution to show that the numerical results are in well agreement with the theoretical ones and also to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
• #### A novel ‘bottom-up’ synthesis of few- and multi-layer graphene platelets with partial oxidation via cavitation

The transient cavitation of diaromatic components such as 1-methylnaphthalene has been used to produce graphene platelets in a ‘bottom-up’ synthesis via the high temperature (>5000 K) conditions that are generated inside collapsing bubbles. Acoustic cavitation produced yields of 5.7×10−11 kgJ−1 at a production rate of 2.2×10−9 kgs−1. This can be improved by generating cavitation hydrodynamically, thus making commercial scale production viable. Hydrodynamic cavitation produced platelets with larger lateral dimensions (≥2 μm) than those formed by acoustic cavitation (10–200 nm). The partially oxidised nature of the platelets enables their covalent chemical functionalisation, which was achieved by combining suitable molecules in the reaction medium to affect a one-pot formation and functionalisation of graphene
• #### Numerical analysis for distributed order differential equations

In this paper we present and analyse a numerical method for the solution of a distributed order differential equation.
• #### Numerical analysis of a singular integral equation

This preprint discusses the numerical analysis of an integral equation to which convential analytical and numerical theory does not apply.
• #### Numerical analysis of a two-parameter fractional telegraph equation

In this paper we consider the two-parameter fractional telegraph equation of the form $$-\, ^CD_{t_0^+}^{\alpha+1} u(t,x) + \, ^CD_{x_0^+}^{\beta+1} u (t,x)- \, ^CD_{t_0^+}^{\alpha}u (t,x)-u(t,x)=0.$$ Here $\, ^CD_{t_0^+}^{\alpha}$, $\, ^CD_{t_0^+}^{\alpha+1}$, $\, ^CD_{x_0^+}^{\beta+1}$ are operators of the Caputo-type fractional derivative, where $0\leq \alpha < 1$ and $0 \leq \beta < 1$. The existence and uniqueness of the equations are proved by using the Banach fixed point theorem. A numerical method is introduced to solve this fractional telegraph equation and stability conditions for the numerical method are obtained. Numerical examples are given in the final section of the paper.
• #### Numerical analysis of some integral equations with singularities

In this thesis we consider new approaches to the numerical solution of a class of Volterra integral equations, which contain a kernel with singularity of non-standard type. The kernel is singular in both arguments at the origin, resulting in multiple solutions, one of which is differentiable at the origin. We consider numerical methods to approximate any of the (infinitely many) solutions of the equation. We go on to show that the use of product integration over a short primary interval, combined with the careful use of extrapolation to improve the order, may be linked to any suitable standard method away from the origin. The resulting split-interval algorithm is shown to be reliable and flexible, capable of achieving good accuracy, with convergence to the one particular smooth solution.
• #### Numerical approaches to bifurcations in solutions to integro-differential equations

This conference paper discusses the qualitative behaviour of numerical approximations of a carefully chosen class of integro-differential equations of the Volterra type. The results are illustrated with some numerical experiments.
• #### Numerical approaches to delay equations with small solutions

This book chapter discusses the use of numerical schemes to find whether dalay differential equations have small solutions. Two questions - can the onset of small solutions be predicted for a wider range of delay differential equations in a similar way and how should one chose the appropriate numerical method for the investigation - are discussed.